With Texas's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s, the President of the Texas Republic, Sam Houston, arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence, with the United Kingdom mediating. [58] In a breach of diplomatic norms, Upshur leaked the communique to the press to inflame popular Anglophobic sentiments among American citizens. Texas seceded from the Union in 1861 and was not included in the 1864 or 1868 elections. 6 Sep 1434920332213772293. ", Holt, 2004, p. 15: "... rather than seek new negotiations to settle the boundary dispute between Texas and Mexico, as even Brown's amendment had called for, he declared the Rio Grande the recognized boundary and announced he would deploy American military forces to defend it. 3. As the years go by, political conflicts between the settlers and the Mexican government are escalating which would lead to war and Texan independence. ", Sellers, 1966, p. 447: "Neither Polk's contemporaries nor late historians have appreciated the extent to which he was responsible for the narrow passage of the joint resolution ... four days before his inauguration. Texas A&M Athletics changes its digital home from AggieAthletics.com to 12thMan.com. ", Freehling, 1991, p.545: "Neglected sovereign power [in Texas] was creating a vacuum" and Mexico "accordingly emancipated slaves" nationwide on "September 15, 1829". ", Crapol, 2006, p. 209: "The deaths of Upshur and Gilmer deprived [Tyler] of two of his best people and the most important architects of the administration's annexation policy ... the political landscape had been rocked. '", Freehling, 1991, p. 418: "The Walker thesis transformed sorely pressed Northern Democrats from traitors who knuckled under to the Slavepower into heroes who would diffuse blacks further from the North.". In particular, the prohibitions against slavery and forced labor were ignored. 67–68: Calhoun "wanted to expand the country's slave territory and thus retain the South's numerical and political advantage in regional disputes. P. 177: Tyler's "Madisonian formula, [where] empire and liberty became inseparable in order to sustain the incongruity of a slaveholding republic. Sellers, 1966, pp. [67] Face-to-face negotiations commenced on October 16, 1843. His "diffusion" theory declared that with Missouri open to slavery, the new state would encourage the transfer of underutilized slaves westward, emptying the eastern states of bondsmen and making emancipation feasible in the old South. [83] The Princeton disaster proved a major setback for Texas annexation, in that Tyler expected Secretary Upshur to elicit critical support from Whig and Democratic Senators during the upcoming treaty ratification process. [78] Secretary Upshur evaded and dismissed the charges, and pressed forward with the negotiations. As the years go by, political conflicts between the settlers and the Mexican governm... See production, box office & company info, Desperate Journey: The Allison Wilcox Story, TV Guide CloseUp: Behind the Scenes of 'Smallville', Entertainment Tonight Presents: The Dukes of Hazzard - The Untold Story. [81] Throughout, Tyler did his utmost to keep the negotiations secret, making no public reference to his administration's single-minded quest for Texas. Gigem247. The Democratic Party was by then unequivocally committed to Texas annexation, and Tyler, assured by Polk's envoys that as president he would effect Texas annexation, urged his supporters to vote Democratic. Freehling, 1991, p. 455: "Mexican officials believed that Texas ended at the Nueces River. Thirty-seven slave state congressmen opposed it, white thirty-nine voted for it ..." a harbinger that the opposition would "in due time rectify the Thomas Proviso.". Tyler, isolated and outside the two-party mainstream, turned to foreign affairs to salvage his presidency, aligning himself with a southern states' rights faction that shared his fervent slavery expansionist views. ", Freehling, 1991, p. 365: "The Mexican government ... considered southwestern [US] entrepreneurs the most likely migrants" and invited them "to bring along their despotic alternative to Mexican economic peonage, black slavery ...", Malone, 1960, p. 543: "The vast distances in Texas, the premium that space paid to the individualism" contributed to "the disrespect of settlers for Mexican authority" and "Private violence was common ... and public violence was endemic. ", Holt, 2005, pp. ", Crapol, 2006, p. 213: "Tyler was true to his word. 280–281: "... opportunities were open in foreign affairs – the annexation of Texas and a settlement of the Oregon dispute with England. 218–219: "Untroubled by the initial failure, Tyler had carefully prepared for just such a contingency ... recommending [Congress] consider another path to annexation. 2260 TAMU College Station, TX 77843. Welcome to Texas A&M AgriLife Extension's Child Care Online Training website. 2019 Edition. ", Freehling, 1991, p. 151: "The Southerner [John Tyler] who best defended diffusion during the Missouri Crisis would become a key actor in the Texas [annexation] epic. Organizations. By early 1844, Upshur was able to assure Texas officials that 40 of the 52 members of the Senate were pledged to ratify the Tyler-Texas treaty, more than the two-thirds majority required for passage. According to George Lockhart Rives, "That treaty had been expressly so framed as to leave the boundaries of Texas undefined, and the joint resolution of the following winter was drawn in the same manner. Get started now! Upon Harrison's death shortly after his inauguration, Vice-President John Tyler assumed the presidency. The good, the bad, the ugly. ", Merk, 1978, p. 281: "The temper of the period was expansionist and its tide might carry the statesman [Tyler] riding it into a term of his own in the White House. ZooM Sep 21 3:00pm. The Division of Information Technology provides reliable and accessible IT services to elevate and enhance Texas A&M University. ", Crapol, 2006, p. 176: "In fact, Mexican sovereignty [over Texas] was openly acknowledged" by the Adams and Jackson administrations, both of whom "tried to purchase all or part of Texas from the Mexicans. 25–26: "In fact, the vote on the [Thomas] Proviso illuminated an important division in Southern sentiment. When the two-thirds Senate support was not forthcoming, committees in the House and Senate explicitly invoked the Tyler precedent for the joint house resolution, which was successfully applied to approve the annexation of Hawaii in July 1898. ", Sellers, 1966, p. 186: "Texas was still far more a party question than a sectional question. "And [Gilmer] was a believer in the new creed of the beneficence of slavery and also in the doctrine of Manifest Destiny. 285–286: Calhoun "was known to be eager for Texas ... [and] had been Upshur's counselor on the issue. The 2020 Census population of 29.1 million was up four million from 2010. Found insideTHERE'S NO BEACH IN TEXAS A Guide to Debunking Travel Myths and Planning the Most Awesome Family Vacation EVER There'sNo Beach inTexas: A Guide to Debunking ... For more information on custom programming or open-enrollment offerings, please contact the Center for Executive Development at 979-845-1216, or email: [email protected] Texas A&M project to create a more inclusive scientific communitys Diversity in Entomology to provide top-tier research … [88] In it, Walker argued that Texas could be acquired by Congress in a number of ways – all constitutional – and that the moral authority to do so was based on the precepts for territorial expansion established by Jefferson and Madison, and promulgated as doctrine by Monroe in 1823. ", Crapol, 2006, p. 211: Calhoun "ranked with Daniel Webster and Henry Clay as America's leading political icons of the early republic. [84] Tyler selected John C. Calhoun to replace Upshur as Secretary of State and to finalize the treaty with Texas. ", Brown, 1966, pp. Translated from the original French and annotated with figures, historical maps and commentary from the translators, this work is Jean-Charles Houzeau's account of his escape from Texas during the American Civil War. ", Miguel E. Soto, "The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War" in, Crapol, 2006, p. 279: "Tyler's extralegal joint resolution ploy, which belied his pretensions to being a strict constructionist when it came to interpreting the Constitution, appealed to late-nineteenth century imperialists who sought ways to circumvent Senate opposition to a Hawaii annexation treaty. ", Freehling, 1991, p. 437: "... Clay lost every state in the Deep South. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service – Dallas County! 24–25: "John Tyler recognized, as his fellow Virginians Jefferson and Monroe ... that expansion was the republican key to preserving the delicate balance between national and state power" and"... bringing Texas into the Union headed Tyler's acquisitive agenda." Merk, 1978, p. 279: "... it would precipitate a clash over the extension of slavery in the United States. Texas A&M's Commitment to Diversity and Inclusion: We are committed to enriching the learning and working environment for all visitors, students, faculty, and staff by promoting a culture that embraces inclusion, diversity, equity, and accountability. [109] In it, he characterized slavery as a social blessing and the acquisition of Texas as an emergency measure necessary to safeguard the "peculiar institution" in the United States. The Texas A&M Central Authentication Service allows for a single sign-on that will be … Anti-Texas Whigs controlled the Senate narrowly, 28–24. ", Merk, 1978, p. 285: "Houston ... reversed his stand ... and recommended to [Texas] Congress the opening of an annexation negotiation. [122], As a treaty document with a foreign nation, the Tyler-Texas annexation treaty required the support of a two-thirds majority in the Senate for passage. AgriLife Extension delivers research-based educational programs and solutions for all Texans. Ordinance of Annexation, Approved by the Texas Convention on July 4, 1845. The boundaries of the Texas territory were left unspecified. ", Freehling, 1991, p. 446: "... the only Southern Democrat who had voted no on the annexation treaty ...", Wilentz, 2008, p. 572: "In the Senate, Thomas Hart Benton offered his own plan which would split Texas into two equal districts, one slave and one free, and require Mexico's consent. posted Fri, 17 Sep 2021. Generally, though, East Texas has a wet climate and is characterized by cotton and by ties to the Old South, while West Texas is dry and is known for cattle ranching and an affinity with the West. [11][12] Virginian editor Thomas Ritchie of the Richmond Enquirer predicted that with the proviso restrictions, the South would ultimately require Texas: "If we are cooped up on the north, we must have elbow room to the west. and "... in Texas, went the dream ... demand for slaves might increase slave prices, bailing out the less prosperous southeast. All twenty-four Democrats voted for the measure, joined by three southern Whigs. Texas Windstorm Insurance Association provides wind and hail insurance to 14 Texas gulf coast counties and a portion of Harris county. '", Crapol, 2006, p. 219: "In November Polk narrowly defeated Henry Clay in the popular vote by just over 38,000 out of 2.7 million votes cast ...", Holt, 2005, p. 12: "The Democrats' triumph in the 1844 elections [the Polk victory] increased the odds of Texas annexation ... [and with] their heavy majority in the House, Democrats could easily pass the resolution containing the same terms as Tyler's rejected treaty. ", Crapol, 2006, p. 197: Upshur's letter was an "effort to rally the American public in opposition to British machinations in Texas ...", Crapol, 2006, p. 197: Upshur's letter "a breach of diplomatic protocol ...", Varon, 2008, p. 166: "In 1841, Tyler had dispatched Green as an emissary to London, to move stealthily in diplomatic circles in search of 'proof' that England had designs on Texas, Merk, 1978, p. 282: "... the discovery of a British 'plot' to abolitionize Texas ... promised a government guarantee of interest on a loan to Texas ... devoted to abolitionizing Texas. An empty column indicates the state did not participate in that election. ZooM/B302 Sep 22 10:00am. [17][18], When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821,[19] the United States did not contest the new republic's claims to Texas, and both presidents John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) and Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) persistently sought, through official and unofficial channels, to procure all or portions of provincial Texas from the Mexican government, without success.[20]. Contact us … Author David La Vere offers a complete chronological and cultural history of Texas Indians from twelve thousand years ago to the present day. With trusted services and innovative solutions, we are changing the technology landscape on campus. ", Freehling, 1991, p. 446: "... Benton's freeing of half a slave republic seemed too Yankee. The Office of Admissions has the primary responsibility of disseminating admissions information and materials to prospective undergraduate students, acting as the catalyst in identifying the students who will be admitted to the University and maintaining and storing the academic records of all current and former students. ", Merk, 1978, p. 284: "Everett's report ... constituted a negation of the Duff Green letter and the charges Upshur wished to fasten to the British ministry ..." and expressed the opinion that Britain "was less committed to antislavery causes than had been its predecessor, or the British public. ", Merk, 1978, p.308: "In Texas, on February 19, 1846, [Texas President] Anson Jones presided over the ceremony of the transfer of his state's sovereignty to the United States. News. 6 Sep 1434920332213772293. In the beginning of the 19th Century, many white Americans are settling in the Mexican province of Texas. ", Crapol, 2006, pp. The Great Book of Texas is an entertaining and interesting Facts & Trivia book. Freehling, 1991, p. 152: "The Thomas plan angered some Southerners. [63], John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, a pro-slavery extremist,[64] counseled Secretary Upshur that British designs on American slavery were real and required immediate action to preempt a takeover of Texas by the United Kingdom. Hotels that meet AAA's rigorous inspection standards receive a Diamond designation that conveys the kind of experience offered. Found inside – Page 27Some statewide resources: www.traveltex.com, Texas government state travel site; www.texasescapes.com, stories by a variety of travel writers from Texas and ... His investigations, including personal interviews with Lord Aberdeen, concluded that British interest in abolitionist intrigues was weak, contradicting Secretary of State Upshur's conviction that Great Britain was manipulating Texas. [159] The Senate Democrats would require undivided support among their colleagues, and three or more Whigs who would be willing to cross party lines to pass the House-amended treaty. 13–14, Holt, 2005, p. 14: "The division over annexation remained more partisan than sectional. Polk denied charges from Senator Benton that he had misled Benton on his intention to support the new negotiations option, declaring "if any such pledges were made, it was in a total misconception of what I said or meant. Malone, 1960, p. 545: "... the American Anti-Slavery Society" charged that "Texas would make half a dozen [slave] states ... and annexation would give the South dominance in the Union." ", Crapol, 2006, p. 218: "In an attempt to salvage his presidential candidacy and to gain approval of his Texas annexation treaty ... Tyler sanctioned a third-party movement ... [A] band of Tyler followers, many of them postmasters and other recipients of his executive patronage ..." and "... a tactical maneuver [to] pressure Democrats to adopt an expansionist platform favoring the annexation of Texas. Texas counties impacted by our programs $ 100 M. Research expenditures since the school's inception. Veterinary students must meet high standards of ethics and academic performance. Texas A&M University-Central Texas. Regulatory. [160], Anti-annexation Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri had been the only Southern Democrat to vote against the Tyler-Texas measure in June 1844. A Better Life. Attendees will be entered to win one of the following: 2 - $50 Aggie Passes. [62] Though unsubstantiated, Green's unofficial intelligence so alarmed Tyler that he requested verification from the US minister to Mexico, Waddy Thompson. If you have moved, use this service to change the address on your Texas driver license or ID. ", Sellers, 1966, p. 186: "The situation in the Senate was extremely complex. Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its border based on the Treaties of Velasco, while Mexico maintained that it was the Nueces River and did not recognize Texan independence. Our history is one of statewide, national, and international service to a diverse constituency with contributions in science and outreach that is second to none. 2021 Summer Term I Our solution offers the best video, audio, and screen-sharing experience across Zoom Rooms, Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and H.323/SIP room systems. ", and "The Packenham Letter could rally southern Democrats against the party's northern establishment ...", Freehling, 1991, p. 408: The Packenham Letter "declared the national [Texas] treaty a sectional weapon, designed to protect slavery's blessings from England's documented interference" and "aimed at driving southerners to see England's soft threat in a hard-headed way. "[170] Polk's handling of the matter had the effect of uniting Senate northern Democrats in favor of the dual alternative treaty bill. On March 1, 1845, President Tyler signed the annexation bill, and on March 3 (his last full day in office), he forwarded the House version to Texas, offering immediate annexation (which preempted Polk). 2021 season schedule, scores, stats, and highlights. Texas A&M Health. [update] , Texas A&M's student body is the second largest in the United States. Diverse perspectives, talents, and identities are vital to accomplishing our mission and living our core values. Scientists and extension specialists at Dallas work to advance innovation in urban agriculture and forestry, water and land … Crapol, 2006, p. 206: "The idea of shipping blacks to Africa ... was a solution Jefferson, Madison and John Tyler had embraced, and later pursued by Abraham Lincoln during the first year of the Civil War when he attempted to launch a Haitian colonization scheme. Found insideTexas Agricultural Experiment Station. Due to the potential health risk to TVMDL personnel, we do not perform testing on any specimen derived from primate species, including lemurs. Since 1879 much has changed in organization and details, but the fundamental objectives of The Association remain the same. Scoreboards And Scholars From an old Kyle Field scoreboard in their backyard to the scholarships they created, Angela ’85 and Kerry Stein ’85 root for Aggieland. However, that changed in 1980, and Texas has sided with the Republicans ever since. ", Finkelman, 2011, pp. Merk, 1978, p. 286: "Texas ... admitted as a territory subject to the same constitutional provisions as other territories ...". The choice of Calhoun, a highly regarded but controversial American statesman,[85] risked introducing a politically polarizing element into the Texas debates, but Tyler prized him as a strong advocate of annexation. ", Crapol, 2006, p. 198: "... Almonte bluntly warned [Upshur], Mexico would sever diplomatic relations and immediately declare war. Texas is commonly divided into East and West, although the dividing line between the two is ambiguous. 72–73: Calhoun's "letter to British minister Richard Packenham ... contained language so incendiary and politically audacious that it would render Senate ratification nearly impossible ...", Crapol, 2006, pp. [54], With the Webster-Ashburton Treaty ratified in 1843, Tyler was ready to make the annexation of Texas his "top priority". [44], Jackson's successor, President Martin Van Buren, viewed Texas annexation as an immense political liability that would empower the anti-slavery northern Whig opposition – especially if annexation provoked a war with Mexico. These are general election results for the years listed. Found insideIn this new, complete Guide to Texas Grasses, Robert B. Shaw and the team at the Texas A&M University Institute of Renewable Natural Resources provide an indispensable reference to the world’s most economically important plant family. And "[Calhoun] ... believed the "British were determined to abolish slavery ... throughout the continent ... a disaster," and he would "lead a campaign of propaganda on behalf of annexation. As the years go by, political conflicts between the settlers and the Mexican government are escalating which would lead to war and Texan independence. In the southern states of Tennessee and Georgia, Whig strongholds in the 1840 general election, voter support dropped precipitously over the pro-annexation excitement in the Deep South—and Clay lost every Deep South state to Polk. Katie Lawrence is a Southeast Texas native who graduated 18th in her high school class with a GPA of 4.25. Moreover, they wished to avoid a war with Mexico, whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province. [71] With the 1844 general election in the United States approaching, the leadership in both the Democratic and Whig parties remained unequivocally anti-Texas. The official athletics website for the West Texas A&M University Buffs P. 367: "Texas's population shortage victimized more than the economy. It was a decision he later came to regret. Found insideMITTEEJETITTA MIT udga CUBBERLEY LIBRARY GIFT OF THE AUTHOR STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 1 THE SELECTION AND ADOPTION OF TEXTBOOKS TEXAS - A. cocos. Explore degrees in our Engineering Online program, ranked No. “Geographic information science and technology (GIST) is one of the cornerstones of modern data-driven applications, modeling and decision-making. On April 20–21, rebel forces under Texas General Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto. [74] Still, US Secretary of State Upshur vigorously courted Texas diplomats to begin annexation talks, finally dispatching an appeal to President Sam Houston in January 1844. ", Sellers, 1966, p. 168: "Even Benton's allies of the Wright-Van Buren persuasion had argued during the campaign for annexation in the proper manner, objecting only to [the Tyler-Calhoun treaty, with emphasis on slavery expansion]" and p. 168: Pro-annexation Northern Democrats "came to Washington [D.C.] 'prepared to vote for admission [of Texas] as a state ... saying nothing about slavery. The nature of the Tyler-Texas negotiations caused a national outcry, in that "the documents appeared to verify that the sole objective of Texas annexation was the preservation of slavery. ", Brown, 1966, p. 28: "In 1823–1824 some Southerners suspected that an attempt by Secretary of State Adams to conclude a slave trade convention with Great Britain was an attempt to reap the benefit of Northern anti-slavery sentiments; and some, notably John Floyd of Virginia, sought to turn the tables on Adams by attacking him for allegedly ceding Texas to Spain in the Florida treaty, thus ceding what Floyd called "two slaveholding states" and costing "the Southern interest" four Senators. [191], Neither the joint resolution nor the ordinance of annexation contain language specifying the boundaries of Texas, and only refer in general terms to "the territory properly included within, and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas", and state that the new State of Texas is to be formed "subject to the adjustment by this [U.S.] government of all questions of boundary that may arise with other governments." [129] (Though pro-annexation Democrats had made gains in the fall elections, those legislators – the 29th Congress – would not assume office until March 1845. Mexico knew that eventually the independent government would fail. Yet the status of Texas as an independent nation made it necessary to stipulate terms with regard to her public property, lands, and debts, to say nothing of the extent of states that might be created from her territory and the status of slavery in them", Sellers, 1978, p. 168: "Particularly objectionable to the Benton–Van Buren men was the provision that the US become responsible for the inflated Texas debt, speculators in which had been most active lobbyists for annexation." Found insidePerfect for planning the family’s next outing or vacation, this book also contains a message of how nature tourism helps to protect biodiversity, promote conservation, and sustain the state’s tourism economy. Crapol, 2006, p. 22: "... the Monroe Doctrine [was] a restatement of the Madisonian/Jeffersonian faith in territorial expansion ..." also see p. 205. Texas A&M Neuroscientists Discover Possible Treatment For Victims Of Chemical Warfare. Founded in 1976, the Nautical Archaeology Program (NAP) is the academic degree-granting graduate program in the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M University. On the other hand, Manifest Destiny enthusiasm in the north placed politicians under pressure to admit Texas immediately to the Union. ", Freehling, 1991, p. 365: "Imminent war hung heavily over the Texas Republic's prospects": though "Few Texans feared that Mexico might win such a war," it would disrupt Texas's economy and society, making "slave property particularly unsafe." Texas A&M a top 5 team in the the Coaches Poll after Week 1. Designed for impact. ", Crapol, 2006, p. 220: "... a number of the senators had voted for the compromise resolution with the expectation that President-elect Polk would be the one to choose between the options of immediate annexation or renewed negotiations. Vertical lines before 1992, 2002 and 2012 show Census-related redistricting breakpoints. [171], On February 27, 1845, less than a week before Polk's inauguration, the Senate voted 27–25 to admit Texas, based on the Tyler protocols of simple majority passage. Found insideKathy Sosa, Ellen Riojas Clark, and Jennifer Speed set out to right this wrong in Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico, which celebrates the women of early Texas and Mexico who refused to walk a traditional path. Texas A&M AgriLife turns up heat on U.S. hot pepper market New practices, technologies could lead to lower production costs, higher demand. ", Merry, 2009, p. 70: "Spain and the United States found themselves in the dispute over Louisiana's western border and the extent to which Jefferson's purchase included the portion of Texas." [95] Texas annexation, wrote Walker, would eliminate all these dangers and "fortify the whole Union. [93][94], A variation of the Tyler's "diffusion" theory, it played on economic fears in a period when slave-based staple crop markets had not yet recovered from the Panic of 1837. $100.00. On March 10, after conferring with his cabinet, Polk upheld Tyler's action and allowed the courier to proceed to Texas with the offer of immediate annexation. With Maria Conchita Alonso, Benjamin Bratt, Frederick Coffin, Patrick Duffy. [145][146], Southern Whigs in the Congress, including Representative Milton Brown and Senator Ephraim Foster, both of Tennessee, and Representative Alexander Stephens of Georgia[147] collaborated to introduce a House amendment on January 13, 1845,[148] that was designed to enhance slaveowner gains in Texas beyond those offered by the Democratic-sponsored Tyler-Calhoun treaty bill. We are at the heart of Texas’ most comprehensive health science center, and as such we are able to capitalize on the strength of interprofessional education and the research power of Texas A&M University. [142], Anti-Texas Whig legislators had lost more than the White House in the general election of 1844. Texas ratified the agreement with popular approval from Texans. ", Freehling, 1991, p. 418: "Once [Sam] Houston agreed to negotiate with Upshur, Walker authored an enormously influential pro-Texas pamphlet.". Updates and Notices. 26th President, Texas A&M University About the President . The DCLDP is a two-year program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and administered through the Texas A&M Cybersecurity Center, which … ", Sellers, 1966, p. 171: "... Benton and others maintained that if Texas were admitted as a state, with any stipulation of terms, this would be a treaty requiring the assent of two thirds of the Senate.". ", Crapol, 2006, p. 176: "... the Adams-Onis Treaty ... also known as the Florida treaty ...", Dangerfield, 1952, p. 152: "On February 22 [1819], the great Transcontinental Treaty was signed and sealed. With over 700 Air Force cadets, we are the largest AFROTC Detachment and Senior Military ", Crapol, 2006, p. 217: Cabinet members "were split on the wisdom of [Tyler's] Texas machinations ... 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